Slimate change essay Essay

Climate change is the most significant challenge to achieving sustainable development and threatens to drag thousands of people to severe poverty. It refers to any outstanding measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. This includes major changes in temperature, precipitation or winds patterns and others that occur several days longer. Some Caribbean islands in particular are vulnerable to climate change. Rising sea levels will have a consequential and dampening effect on their economy and livelihood. Climate change can damage coral reefs, reduce land source for agriculture and alter the fishing industry. A study shows that the World Bank states that if the see continues to rise at this rate countries will be mostly affected at a global level by climate change in 2050. The rising of sea level will also wreak havoc. A few possible consequences of rising sea levels are , firstly , billons spent on adaption. For example the U.S has roughly 20,000km of coastline and 32,0 00km of wetlands. A recent study showed that the estimated cost of adapting to even a one meter, the rise of sea level in the U.S will cost up to U.S $156 billion dollars. Secondly, within a meter the rise of sea level in some islands would be submerged. A Pacific island name Kiribati, in early 2005 have gone under the waves ,inundated by a high spring tide that washed away farmland , wells which were once pure water was contaminated, land homes and other facilities were lost. Lastly, cities will end up below sea level, which will meritably displace and cause massive economic damage. Higher sea defenses becomes impractical an even the wealthiest of nations will see cities destroyed due to floods. A sustainable development is to introduce water sports. Water sports can have a positive force on people in trms of health and recreation. It can provide social benefits for billions of people around the world. There can be an increase of tourism revenue, therefore providing the economy with an income and continue or start infrastructural development in the country. We as a country as well can host international competitions. These competitions, games and tournaments can run through the year. The level of poverty will reduce due to the creation of employment.in the health sector; this can lead to a healthy lifestyle which can prevent diseases and such to affect a person throughout his or her life. Really and truly no one of us here today will like to live a life full of diseases and pain. Through water sports people can also increase their stamina and strength. Ladies you  better want to join a swimming class now because this can help you shed a few of those extra pounds. Lastly we as a country can achieve social integration. In this process we as a republic can adopt, accept and facilitate new cultures and traditions. We can make our country diversified into a multi culture country. Secondly climate change can cause hurricanes, tropical storms and tornados to become more intense, therefore they are longer lasting, unleashing stronger winds and causing additional mutilation to coastal ecosystems and communities. The main offender is advanced ocean temperatures, since tropical storms and hurricanes get their strength in warm waters. As sea surface temperatures rise, developing storms will accumulate more strength. Many scientists believe the broad premise that a hotter climate likely contributes to the increase in the strength of any hurricane or storm, which is previously underway and intensify. There is also abstruse evidence that sea level rising is another product of climate change which can therefore contribute to a higher risk of treacherous hurricanes and storm surges. They are like giant heat engines. They transfer latent heat energy from the ocean to the atmosphere transforming some of it into mechanical energy in the process: the maelstrom of hurricane winds and giant waves. â€Å"High sea surface temperatures lead to the evaporation of moisture which provides fuel for the storm. Then it gives up the latent heat {power of the storm}. Together they provide for stronger storms. This evidence is very clear,† says Kevin Trenberth, a senior scientist at the NOAA’s {National Center for Atmospheric Research in, Boulder Colorado. Tragic consequences of hurricanes and storms are such as: floods, loss of homes, facilities and loss of friend’s family and relatives. A sustainable development that can be introduced is to provide facilities where citizens can go for assistance after storms or hurricanes. This is where people can go to the facilities and receive assistance in these tragic times. In the after math of a storm, in each community, firstly should have a natural disaster team whereby they can come to the rescue during these times of need. In this way they must have medical equipment, the basic necessities. They should have place for storage items such as foods, bottled water, medical supplies, clothing and money. They must have meetings with the general public to let them know how to contact them and ask for assistance. Lastly, climate change affects the water availability and water demand.  Sufficient supply of freshwater is essential for almost everything in this world. Population growth will increase the demand for water and at the same time, climate change will affect the freshwater availability. For example there are less water in parts of the United States of America and Asia – more in parts of Europe. The ISI – MIP results indicate that in the Western, United States, Southern Europe and parts of Asia, climate change lowers freshwater availability. Subsequently, this may lead to challenges for the agriculture sector, and food production. The ISI – MIP experts of water resources, ecosystems, agriculture energy and analyzing projections with the sector. The experts study the effects of climate change of two to five degrees in climate change. Appalling consequences are such as an unclean environment, mosquito nesting areas and so forth. A sustainable development for this can be to preserve water in a community tank. If people in the community give a fair amount of water from their daily supply for storage in the community, when a drought arrives each person from the community can receive sufficient water to sustain them for a drought. During this period of time the political leader of his or her constituency should appoint a person to distribute the water equally in his or her constituency. Therefore that person can make a table on when he or she gets water and when to cut off there supply and send to another person. This way life as we know it will be cleaner and preserved. In conclusion to my essay climate change affects us human beings in so many ways. There can be more I can add but these three points I wrote today in my essay was very intriguing to me. I quote from Al Gore â€Å"As human beings, we are vulnerable to confusing the unprecedented with the improbable. In our everyday experience, if something has never happened before, we are generally safe in assuming it is not going to happen in the future, but the exceptions can kill you and climate change is one of those exceptions.† Climate change shouldn’t be taken for a joke. Earth is our home. Take care of it , because one day to come we will have no land to live on. Glossary http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/climate_change.html#XOgv23pA2phHu034.99

What Was Life Like for People Living in Nazi Germany?

What was life like for people living in Nazi Germany? In Nazi Germany life for the Germans was terrible. You had to know who you could trust, as trusting the wrong person may cause you to loose your life. The Nazis and mainly Hitler really disliked Jews and anyone else that was not their perfect ‘Aryan'. Hitler and the Nazis came up with the Nazi Racial Policy, in 1933 to try and persuade Jews to emigrate there was the Boycott of Jewish shops.Shop windows got Jewish symbols painted on them, members of the SA would stand outside to threaten shoppers and anyone who did go in the shops would have their name put on a list so the Nazis would know who was using the Jewish shops. Jews were banned from all state jobs such as civil servants, teachers, journalists, lawyers and even radio announcers. Jewish and non-Jewish children were not allowed to play together. All of this made life hard and not pleasant for the Jews, this is what Hitler wanted so that Jews would leave his beloved Ger many.The Nuremburg Laws was an important part to the way that Jews ran their life during Nazi Germany, the Nuremburg Laws consisted of things such as; Jews could not marry or have sex with non-Jews, all Jews lost German Citizenship; Jews were not allowed to own radios, typewriters or bicycles; Jews were not allowed to own their own buisnesses and were banned from going places such as the cinema, theatres or concert halls. They were not allowed to buy newspapers or magazines, nor were they allowed to attend school or college.Male Jews were forced to add the name ‘Israel' and female Jews the name ‘Sarah', to their first names. These Nuremburg Laws restricted what Jews were allowed to do, a lot. Homosexuals were effected by the Nazis as well, they were seen as not fitting into ‘normal' families, they were savagely persecuted. About 15,000 were arrested and sent to concentration camps. Many were used in medical experiments or they were castrated. Himmler was shocked to discover several homosexuals in the SS, they were sent to concentation camps and shot ‘whilst trying to escape'.Political opponents were ‘undesirable' to the Nazis because they were seen as a threat who shouldnt be here, habitual criminals were also ‘undesirable' because they were seen as a burden and socially useless. In the Nazis eyes Jehovahs witness's were ‘undesirable' because their beliefs were different to the Nazis. Gypsy's and Jews were also seen as ‘undesirable' as they did not fit the Nazis ‘Aryans' (blonde hair, blue eyes etc) Anyone who had more than one grandparent who themself was Jewish ou too were considered Jewish. This made life very restricted, if you were ‘undesirable' then you were sent to a concentration camp, for anyone who was lucky enough not to be sent there but to be able to live in their home but by the Nazis rules. There was lots of violence in the streets and so much fear in the air. People were dragged out of their homes and taken away violently. Many people were beaten and sometimes killed in the streets.This was a terrible ordeal for people living in Nazi Germany, even if you were not the ones being beaten, seeing your friends and neighbors being beaten would be torrible. Over 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis during Hitlers years in power. In conclusion life was terrible for people living in Nazi Germany, after Kristallnacht in November 1938 Jews were treated terribly and many were killed. Nazi Germany was a very dark time for the civilians. This was Hitlers aim; to make life hell for Jews and any ‘undesirables'.

A Holistic Approach to Ambulatory Care

The use of technology is being adopted extensively in the healthcare field as funds increase due to policy changes, especially HITECH, and the need to implement electronic health records (EHR) is recognized. Promote consumer / patient access and participation in health care portals (Sackett, 2013). The use of technology will enable patients to track important health information. This may be useful to change the care of the primary care provider, which means that unnecessary attempts to provide a past medical history to the physician's clinic can be eliminated. This document describes the development of medical care in the outpatient clinical setting and the future direction, the explosive development of technology, the change in the payment pattern, the role of nursing staff, the challenges facing nursing professionals and the characteristics of outpatient experts I will outline it. Medical reform, Affordable medical law, Implementation of care adjustment as a strategy to improve hea lth and prevent re-hospitalization, and Transition from volume-based care to value-based care, interest in outpatient care environment Is rising. Current and future medical website Specialized outpatient care is a complex and multifaceted occupation that includes both independent and collaborative work.The comprehensive practice of outpatient care is based on a wide knowledge of nursing and health science and it is clinically applied to the care process Expertise: Nurses use evidence-based information at various outpatient medical facilities to achieve and secure patient safety and care quality while improving patient outcomes. In 2001, this professional occupation announced a series of outpatient care and nursing knowledge revised in 2006 for the first time. Outpatient nursing core course (AAACN, 2001). This core course is still an important and relevant resource, and many nurses use it to lead a place for outpatient clinical practice. Specialized outpatient care is a complex and m ultifaceted occupation that includes both independent and collaborative work.The comprehensive practice of outpatient care is based on a wide knowledge of nursing and health science and it is clinically applied to the care process Expertise: Nurses use evidence-based information at various outpatient medical facilities to achieve and secure patient safety and care quality while improving patient outcomes.

Critical Success Factor Report (Alley Cafe) Essay

Critical Success Factor Report (Alley Cafe) - Essay Example Apart from that, it has created a personal niche by conducting events with budding local talents. The Cafe offers a platform where talented enthusiasts perform live as well as display their arts and paintings on gallery walls of the Cafe. The gallery wall is a place where paintings and artworks of numerous new talents are displayed. Some of the well-known and preferred menus are baked organic beans, toast and scrambled eggs (Alley Cafà ©, 2014b). The objective of the report is to evaluate and analyse critical success factors for Alley Cafe. The current report is a retail audit of a medium sized retail organisation, Alley Cafe, with major focus on its critical success factors. The retail audit will help in identifying the current market demand and make future forecasts accordingly. This information will be subsequently used for recognizing success factors specific for the industry in which Alley Cafe operates. The research methodology includes both primary and secondary research. Primary research has been done by conducting a customer survey in order to analyse present market demand for Alley cafe and competitor’s positioning in the market. Secondary research includes extensive review of the company and competitors through literature study, articles, journals and authentic websites. Out of 177 respondents surveyed for retail audit, 83 never visited the Cafe (Figure 6). Taking the higher margin in each category for money spent, average monthly income for Alley Cafe is estimated to be around 1011 Euros. Also, majority of customers spend less than 15 Euros while visiting Alley Cafe. The demand for coffee is more during the winter season. Apart from that, United Kingdom is a majorly coffee consuming nation. Many new small and local coffee shops and snacks bar are being launched, increasing overall competitive environment of the local market (Figure 8). Also, survey results showed that customer demand for full English

Levis_ad_2010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Levis_ad_2010 - Essay Example arity in boot sizes (size 29) indicate that even if there are similarities in sizes of footwear, women still have differences in shapes and curves where jeans should be custom made and tailored to fit these body shapes. As such, Levi’s emphasizes that they could be relied to meet this particular need of these women. The argument that was presented actually emphasized that jeans should fit women, despite their differences; and not be satisfied with trying to fit in whatever jeans that are available (even if ill-fitted to one’s shape and size). The message was clearly and explicitly embodied in the textual representation of the advertisement, to wit: â€Å"that we should be able to go into stores and find jeans that fit us instead of having to fit into the jeans† (Levis Ad 1). To support this particular evidence, the promoters used rhetorical appeals through the narrative discourse. Initially, the advertisement asserted that â€Å"all asses were not created equal† (Levis Ad 1), which is a rational and logical contention. To support this, the advertisement disclosed that there are girls of different shapes and sizes. It added emotional appeal through using adjectives such as asserting that â€Å"hotness comes in all shapes and sizes†¦(and) deserves jeans that make her curves look like a national treasure† (Levis Ad 1). The credibility of the advertisement is deemed supported by the fact that the manufacturer of the jeans is Levi’s, which has been known to manufacture high quality jeans through the years. The brand alone, speaks of high quality and that the target clientele had been made aware of its ability to manufacture reliable, dependable, and high quality jeans through time. I found the argument and evidence equally persuasive; due to the presentation of rhetorical appeals in the textual discourse; as well as in providing visual illustrations of women where jeans of different styles were shown to fit different shapes and sizes. As such, through the use of

Assignment # 2.2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

# 2.2 - Assignment Example portant because patients data will be stored I better way and also activities in the health facility will be done quickly meaning it would be manual or paper work which will need all the information to be in paper form and taken to the next medical professional but will be reflected direct to the professionals computers thus lowering the cost of employment. My advice to Carla is that she should ignore the opening in the other medical facility as a medical assistant because in the future also the facility will endorse this new technology despite been assured by her friend she has not heard any information for her practice joining a network or switching to the EMRs. If Carla decides to stay she should prepare herself mentally so that she may understand the new system and she will be of great help to the practice because of her basic computer skills and also because she is young she will be able to master the new technology faster than her other workmates. If I were her could have remained in the facility. As a healthcare professional, though I will be employed I will always take the work seriously as the owner because this is my passion, my career and I would like to see it in the next level. I will invest my time and resources to help all those who will be in need of my service at all the time. I will always set standards and examples for my coworkers to follow. I will make all the efforts to see the health care improve. I will always be in the frontline when it comes to reforming the nation’s health care system. Government should be fully be involved in reforming of healthcare services for instances the government should ensure that each citizen who is living beyond the poverty line have free access healthcare, they should also construct more facilities to make easier for patients to access healthcare services. It important for people to have health insurance because it helps in case the patient cost of treatment is huge, it relieves the patients family the

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS - Essay Example Other mergers leads to successful results. There are various debates about mega-mergers which involves mergers of businesses worth above $20 billion. Mega-mergers have people who are sceptical about it whilst others are very positive about it. This paper examines the dominant arguments and debates about mega-mergers in the world of business today. It would involve a critique of the different arguments for and against the practice of mega-mergers in the current dispensation. The report would contrast various debates and ideas relating to them. â€Å"Most deals in 2013 will probably be fairly small, designed to strengthen or fill a gap in the buyer’s existing operations. These are known as â€Å"plug and play†. Transformational megamergers grew rarer in 2012, with only four deals topping $20 billion. That was the same as in 2011, and fewer than in each of the three previous years.† (The Economist 09/02/13) AT Kearney argue in the seminal article ‘Merger Endgames’ that global level mega-mergers are inevitable as part of the cycle of consolidation and concentration in globalising industries where firms seek to gain leverage and accelerate their presence. In contrast Ghemawat & Ghadar (2000) take the position that business leaders need to look away from mergers and be more innovative in their approach to international business. As seen from the cases in seminars, cross-border mega-mergers can be very successful or unsuccessful. Research consistently shows that the majority either fall short of their initial aspirations, lead to reduction in total shareholder value post-merger or even demerge and divest in extreme cases. Despite this, there has been a merger wave on an unprecedented scale up to 2007 and it isn’t as if the emergence of global industries and corporations is at an end. You are required to critically evaluate the arguments of the pro-merger and anti-merger schools and take a conclusive position on whether global

Personal Obsession in The Emperors Babe and Purple Hibiscus Essay

Personal Obsession in The Emperors Babe and Purple Hibiscus - Essay Example Even before they reach adulthood they go through enormous upheavals in their lives. Moreover, their stories fit into a colonial discourse with attendant features of cultural displacement, social alienation and economic exploitation. There is yet another interesting similarity between the two heroines, namely, their personal obsessions. But the objects of their obsessions are not the same. Likewise, secondary characters in the two stories have obsessions of their own. This essay endeavors to show how there are a range of psychological dispositions among various characters which account for their obsessions and how the authors’ own obsessions bear upon them. The Emperor’s Babe is a fresh and vivid verse narrative of a young woman in Ancient Rome. Born into poverty and slavery, she is married off (or rather sold off) when she was merely eleven to a wealthy patrician a few times her age. Despite constraints to her liberty and growth from all sides, Zuleika yet manages to as sert her individuality. It is perhaps due to these powerful extraneous forces acting on her life that she sought refuge in an inner sanctum. This clinging manifests as obsessions of various sorts. For one, her insecurities made her a little aggressive towards others. Aggression expressed regularly betrays an underlying obsession with insecurity. This aggression is also manifest in her sexual behavior, whereby, her attractiveness and youth serves as a source of empowerment over men. As the short and eventful life of the adolescent girl unfolds through Evaristo’s lyrical prose, more dimensions to her heroine’s obsessions are unraveled. Zuleika’s father Anlamani is obsessed with his own position in society. He sees an opportunity to climb up the social ladder by marrying his beautiful daughter to a person of prestige. The person he has in mind is Mr. Felix, a wealthy aristocrat of the Roman Empire. He is quite older to Zuleika (who was just 11 at the time of being betrothed). Anlamani resorts to a menially worded marriage offer to Mr. Felix. For example, he says, "Si, Mr. Felix. Zuleika very obediens girl, sir. / No problemata, she make very optima wife, sir." (Evaristo, p.27) This pitch from Anlamani makes it clear that his daughter’s well being is secondary compared to his own selfish motive. Likewise, Felix is a man with his own obsessions. In his case he is obsessed with power. Having a pretty young wife would add to his prestige. He can show her off in his social circles as a trophy wife. That he is obsessed with power and prestige is evident in his response to Anlamani’s offer of marriage: â€Å"I intend to make this my far-western base/ and I need to warm my home with a wife./ I am a man of multiple interests: a senator,/ military man, businessman, I undertake/ trading missions for the government,/ and I'm a landowner.† (Evaristo, p.29) Kambili is obsessed over her relationship with Father Amadi. She falls in love with him. Although the Father also loves her, he could not consummate his love due to his commitments to Church and community. Her love is expressed overtly and covertly on a few occasions. As Zambilii says wittily â€Å"People have crushes on priests all the time, you know. It’s exciting to have to deal with God as a rival.†Ã‚  (Adichie, p.89) However, Kambili’s obsessive love for Father Amadi pales in comparison to the religious obsession of her own father Eugene. Kambili’s father, Papa as she calls him, is very possessive of his son and daughter. He imposes his authority on them to even the smallest detail. In other words he is obsessive of his son and daughter to the extent of being a control freak. For example, â€Å"Papa sat down at the table and poured his tea from the china tea set with pink flowers on

Mysticism in East Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Mysticism in East Asia - Essay Example The powers of the western world that colonized the eastern countries admired the purity of the faith. The achievement of modernity was an important factor in the nineteenth and twentieth century and Buddhism was a great contributor towards the reaching of this early status of modernity in Japan. Buddhism is considered to be one of the very old religion but its roots mainly lay in the eastern world and particularly in the countries of China and Japan. This religion promotes peace and harmony but it also plays a role towards the development of success and self importance. The interest of the western world in Buddhism achieved a great rise in the nineteenth and twentieth century, particularly after the success of Japan in achieving the status of a modern nation. This is because it was a belief that the major contributor in assisting Japan towards this accomplishment was in the following of Buddhism. Dogen was an important figure in the history of Buddhism. He was the main teacher in the creation of Zen Buddhism in the early thirteenth century. Dogen laid great stress upon sitting and meditating. He believed that a person should be in a state of â€Å"non thinking.’ According to him this time which a person spent was very important because it assisted in the bringing together of the soul and the body of a human being. He would then be able to achieve a spiritual level that is the level which is required by a Buddha. These presentations of his beliefs clearly show his tilt towards mysticism and the recognition of the inner world. He believed that the greater the person would know about hi inner self the more he would be successful in the outer world as well. Zen is a part of the teachings of Dogen. There are views regarding this belief. It is considered first to play a great role toward the achievement of success as it pushes a person towards modernity because when he has knowledge of the inner

Slavery versus the Civil Rights Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Slavery versus the Civil Rights Movement - Essay Example This essay describes in details the Civil Rights Movement that could be characterized as the answer of black people to the continuous efforts for limitation of their rights but also of the decrease of their role in the development of the various political and social decisions. The relation between the above Movement and the phenomenon of slavery is obvious. In order to understand the differences or the common points between the above two social phenomena it is necessary to refer to the relevant views of the literature that explain the reasons for the development of both the above phenomena across US. Regarding the Civil Rights Movement in US, different views have been developed in the literature regarding its appearance and its development across the country. The Civil Rights movement was resulted because of the increase of participation of black people in the various parts of social and political life in US. In fact, the regulation of the rights of black people across the country ha s been proved a challenging task for politicians in all regions of US. It is clear from the essay that political rights of black people in US were developed under the influence of severe social and political conflicts; slavery was a phenomenon that led to the increase of willingness of black people in order to ask and fight for their rights in US. Otherwise, if the phenomenon of slavery was not developed across US, the development of political and social rights of black people in US would have been delayed significantly.

Social Order Essay Example for Free

Social Order Essay Discuss the role of primary and secondary groups in the maintenance of social order and the emergence of deviance in Caribbean societies. Through the evolution of sociology as a discipline, several ‘big questions’ have dominated discourse in the subject. Such questions surround how social order is obtained and maintained in society as well as the factors that account for a movement away from the social order and engage in behaviour thought to be deviant. This discussion will seek to give an account of the treatment various sociologists have given to the issue of social order in society; and the role primary and secondary groups play in the maintenance of order. In the wake of such major revolutions as the French Revolution of 1789 as well as the Industrial Revolution that was also in progress in Europe, society as was conceived at the time experienced massive transformations. Questions arose that needed to be answered. â€Å"The types of questions these nineteenth-century thinkers sought to answer – what is human nature? Why is society structured like it is? How and why do societies change? – are the same questions sociologists try to answer today† (Giddens 1997). This statement further elucidates the central notion of this essay; that the problem of social order has always been at the forefront of the minds of sociologists. O’Donnell (1997) describes social order simply as â€Å"†¦a state in which social life – actions and interactions – can be conducted without major interruptions†. While there are breaches of the social order by and large collective life is able to happen without chaos. It is this relative uniformity in social action, on a macro level, that has pre-occupied the minds of sociologists for some time. A defining fact of human social life is that people will gravitate to each other in various ways. Macionis and Plummer (2008) defines a social group as â€Å"†¦two or more people who identify and interact with one another.† Social Groups range from married couples to friendship groups, to gangs, to churches, to multi- national corporations. Macionis Plummer (2008) go on to define a primary group as â€Å"†¦a small group whose members share personal and enduring relationships.† They argue that â€Å"†¦individuals in primary groups typically spend a great deal of time together, engage in a wide range of common activities and feel they know one another well.† Essentially, primary groups are small and – due to their size – they are able to allow members a considerable measure of familiarity. The opposite is true of secondary groups. These may be defined as â€Å"†¦large and impersonal social group[s] whose members pursue a specific interest or activity†¦Secondary relationships usually involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another† (Macionis Plummer, 2008). Weaker social ties allow secondary groups to facilitate a much larger membership that would obtain in a primary group setting. By this token, we are able understand that membership in primary and secondary groups, serves to facilitate different needs. They achieve different ends in completely different ways. In primary groups, members define themselves in relation to who they are, while in secondary groups persons are defined in relation to what they offer and what the others receive in return. Before we can understand sources of deviance, we must understand order. Order becomes manifest when people conform to social norms and values. The social order is maintained through the presence and implementation of sanctions. A sanction is â€Å"†¦any response to a behaviour that serves to reinforce the norms of a society or social group.† Sanctions may be positive or negative. Positive sanctions or rewards, are implemented to encourage a desired behaviour, whereas negative sanctions are implemented to deter or discourage undesired behaviour. Social order is maintained by the work of the agents of social control. These include such social institutions as the family and the peer group, as well as the education system, religious institutions, the mass media as well as such institutions as the security forces and the justice system. As we become exposed to these institutions, we become aware of what our social group expects of us. We gradually learn what appropriate behaviour is and get an idea of the consequences of each. In this regard, we can better understand the practical framework within which properly ordered collective order happens. This question of how it is that humans are able to cooperate and engaged in structured behaviour is taken by this writer to be central to sociology, largely due to the fact that it manifests itself in the work of such writers as Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Karl Marx, Max Weber and even W.E.B. Dubois. Emile Durkheim postulated that the basis of social order was, in fact, wide scale agreement and shared morality. Bilton et al (1981) states that Durkheim and fellow functionalist, Talcott Parsons, were talking about the same idea when they used the terms â€Å"collective conscience† and â€Å"value consensus† respectively. Essentially they were both suggesting that human beings submit to a set of social rules because they believe in their validity to a greater or lesser extent. The difference between them was that â€Å"†¦in Durkheim the source of this belief was society itself but in†¦Parsons, society is described as a social system† (Bilton et al, 19 81). Haralambos et al (2002) states that â€Å"†¦Durkheim assumes that society has certain functional prerequisites, the most important of which is the need for social order.† Haralmbos et al (2002) go on to further explain that, â€Å"without this consensus or agreement on fundamental moral issues, social solidarity would be impossible and individuals could not be bound together to form a social unit.† Parsons’ treatment of society as a social system has been seen as foundational to his other ideas, but the fact importance he placed on society as a social system was crucial to his broader understanding of social order and cannot be understated. This treatment of social order became central to functionalist writing, since common values produce common goals. This is largely because writers in the functionalist school posit that since society is a system of interrelated parts, there is a need for there to a certain amount of agreement in society in order to make the system work. Thus, from a functionalist perspective, social groups and institutions are effective in shaping social order by virtue of the ways in which they ensure conformity to the consensus on values that exists in society. The challenge with this functionalist analysis of order is that it presents a very idealistic and almost utopic picture of how society works. It suggests that we all come together because we happily agree upon a certain set of values there is no element of coercion or exploitation involved. Another perspective that gives a different treatment to the issue is that of the Marist school of thought. The work of Karl Marx presents a sharply contrasting picture of the order problem in society. Rather than seeing social order as the result of collective agreement and harmony in society, Marxist sociology presents a radical alternative to this view. Jessop (1999) highlights the importance of seeing Marx in a material determinist framework. He did not see society and its institutions as emerging from the wide scale on a set of values, beliefs and ideas. Rather, he saw the society as emerging from economic forces. Primacy was given to the economic system of society rather than the value system. A major argument postulated by Marx is that conflict emerges in society with the emergence of private ownership (Jessop 1998). For Marx, the bottom line behaviour of man is the pursuit of subsistence. Thus, in order to survive one must engage in some form of work. By working, we engage in different types of relationships with each other. Marx highlights two basic states of being; owners of the means of their production and owners of their labour. Essentially there are the haves and the have nots, the bourgeoisie and the proletariats. These, according to him, are the two basic classes of society. Marx postulates that it is the bourgeoisie who – by virtue of having control of the means of production – have ideological control over the society. They can therefore exert their idea of values, norms, etc on the wider society, seeing that the superstructure of society is biased in their favour. Although there is conflict in society, the effect of that conflict is sublimated as a result of ruling class dominance. Charon (1999) summarizes Marx’s take on the issue as suggesting that social order is maintained through force and manipulation of a subordinate class of people. From this perspective, we see that in society, it is possible for social groups to work to conspire to hold masses of people in check. The agents of social control represent the ruling class agenda and ideology. In this regard, some persons fall into deviance, because the ruling class agenda, which dictates what is acceptable or not, conspires against them. As such, it is the capitalist system that creates deviants, rather than the deviants themselves. Thus far, the writers examined have subscribed to a macro or structuralist approach to society and the individuals in it. They postulate ideas that suggest that the society creates the individuals and therefore emphasis is placed on understanding the work of social structures in maintaining social order. However, a large body of sociological work subscribes to a micro or interpretive approach. They suggest that the structuralist stance underestimates the abilities of the individual and treats them as less than autonomous beings. Conversely, interpretive theorists seek to understand structured, relatively uniform behaviour against the backdrop of humans being purposeful and rational beings. They do not merely seek to know that a behaviour has been committed, but more so, the interpretations of the meanings behind the behaviours in question. Max Weber, though influenced by Marx, was highly critical of his approach to understanding society. He did not subscribe to the one-sided idealism of functionalism, but at the same time, rejected the one-sided materialism of Marx. For him, both of these forces worked in tandem and were crucial in shaping social cohesion and change (Jessop 1998). He drew his analysis from his research into The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† (1904) which explored the ways in which religious beliefs shaped the development of capitalist system while, at the same time emphasizing that the capitalist system could shape the course of religious beliefs. In rejecting the more structuralist approach, Weber presents the idea that society and the social order does not exist in isolation of the purposeful actions of the individuals in it. He suggests that it is individuals in interaction who give rise to a social structure. The social action approach to understanding behaviour relies heavily on the concept of rationality. He identified different types of rationality, namely: traditional, affective and value-free rationality and emphasized that societies progressed towards deeper more rational behaviour with development. According to Jessop, Weber saw social change as the rationalization of social life. This rationalization became culminated in the creation the bureaucracy in modern society. Thus far, the perspectives that have presented have been colour-blind in the examination of society. They have either presented a vision of society that is either too harmonious to fathom any idea of conflict and division or examined a conflict that emphasizes wealth-based conflict so far that it understates the presence of any other form of conflict that might be abundant in society. It can be argued no perspective best explains the dynamics of Caribbean social order on its own. As such, a more Caribbean perspective must be sought. M.G. Smith, in his seminal work, The Plural Society in the West Indies advanced the argument that the Caribbean societies are several cultures co-existing without blending to form one. Smith (1955) begins his analysis with the basic functionalist premise that society begins with shared values and common social institutions. As a functionalist, he sought to apply this basic principle to a diverse Caribbean cultural landscape with slaves, mulattoes and whites living alongside each-other. When Smith (1955) examined such social institutions as Family, Religion, Education and Economy, he concluded that there is no single collective value system among the three major cultural groups. Rather, he argued that each group had a value system of its own and that the Colonial system was responsible for holding the societies together. This idea of ‘cultural pluralism’ as he described it was quite popular in Caribbean thought for some time, as it helped to explain the divided and divisive of Caribbean social relations. Hence, through the work of M.G. Smith, we are better able to see how social order is in the Caribbean is achieved. On the other hand, other Caribbean writers in the structural functionalist tradition have disagreed with Smith. Edward Braithwaite (in Barrow and Reddock, 2002) argues that the Caribbean does indeed have a common value system. He posits that there has emerged in the region a common ascriptive base, upon which values are built. For instance, he believes that over time, blacks came to accept white dominance, as did the whites and, hence, the argument that there were absolutely no common values does not hold. He suggests that, while stark differences exist in the way cultural institutions are practiced by different sections of the society, it cannot be denied that underlying commonalities abound. Hence, from this perspective, we are again able to appreciate, another perspective of Caribbean order. Yet another Caribbean sociologist worth examining is Edward Kamau Brathwaite (1971). In his work, Creolisation in Jamaica, Brathwaite advances the argument that the cultures which were flung together and helped to shape Caribbean culture have indeed mixed, blended and fused to form one. In providing a working definition, Edward Kamau Brathwaite in, Creolisation in Jamaica (1971) states that creolisation is â€Å"†¦a cultural action – material, psychological, and spiritual – based upon the stimulus/response of individuals within the society to their environment and – as white/black †¦to each other.† As such, creolisation theory posits that when the Africans were thrown together in social arrangement with the Europeans, there was a cultural fusion and this fusion of cultural elements came to form something new. The assumption is that the two cultures were flung together but one was the ‘dominant’ culture (Europe) and the other was subo rdinate (Africa). Simple exposure to linguistics will explain that a ‘creole’ is a fusion of two or more languages to form a new one. In this way, the new language – though influenced by both – is neither of the pre-existent languages. For example, Haitian creole is heavily influenced by French, but is by no means understood by a native French speaker living in France. The point is that, when the process of creolisation takes place, a new social order is formed. Ken Pryce in Barrow Reddock (2004) questions whether or not ‘mainstream approaches’ to understanding order and deviance be readily applied to the Caribbean. As post-plantation societies, the Caribbean region has been shaped by the complex dynamics of its cultural experience. In his piece entitled, Towards a Caribbean Criminology he posits that Caribbean experience is complicated and hence, scholars must examine the peculiarities of the region and the ways in which social groups contribute to deviance in the culture. Pryce (in Barrow Reddock 2004) suggests that more attention must be placed on the lumpen proletariat class (as described by Karl Marx) and the ways in which they’ve been exploited by the capitalist class; resulting in a certain level of deviance. He also discusses the ways in which modernization of Caribbean societies has contributed to the modernization of deviance and crime in the locality. For his part, Anthony Harriot (in Barrow Reddock, 2004) critically analyzes the changing trends of crime and deviance in Jamaica. He highlights the trending down of property related crimes which have happened alongside a rise in violent crime. He also notes that the gun has increased in prominence in violent crimes over the last three decades. Harriot (in Barrow Reddock, 2004) focuses attention at two major sources of violent crime in Jamaica. These are ‘domestic violence’ and ‘gang violence’. These two categories have accounted for the overwhelming majority of violent crimes (particularly murders) in Jamaica. What this reveals is that, membership in primary groups, in which persons are familiar with each other, does not exclude one from perpetuating and being the victims of violence. Domestic violence takes place among persons who share familial bonds. Couples and wider family members are often the perpetrators as well as the victims of deviant activity. Similarly, gang violence in has been cited in annual statistics are the largest contributor to violent crime statistics. In the final analysis, it is beyond doubt that groups – both small and large – are fundamental to human social experience. We turn to them for a sense of collective identity and belonging. Because of this reality, social groups help to promote social cohesion, solidarity and facilitate social order. However, while group life is instrumental in preserving order in society, it is also a fact that social groups do contribute to deviant behaviour in societies everywhere. References †¢ †¢ Barrow, C. and Reddock, R. Caribbean Sociology  © 2002 Bilton, T., Bonnet, K.,Jones, P., Stanworth, M., Introduction to Sociology,  © 1981 Macmillan Publishers, Londin †¢ †¢ †¢ Coser, Lewis, Key Sociological Thinkers,  © 1977 Chevannes, B. Rastafari: Roots and Ideology,  © 1995 Giddens, Anthony, Sociology (3rd Ed.)  © 1999 Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge †¢ Giddens, Anthony, What is Sociology? A Definition and Some Preliminary Considerations,  © 1986 Macmillan Publishers, London. †¢ Haralambos, M. and Holborn, M. Sociology: Themes and Perspectives  © 2004. †¢ Macionis, J. and Plummer, K., Sociology: A Global Introduction,  © 2008 Prentice Hall.

Two Italian Paintings Essay Example for Free

Two Italian Paintings Essay The Madonna and Child subject matter was culled from Duccio di Buoninsegna’s (considered the father of Sienese painting) â€Å"Maestà ¡Ã¢â‚¬  which depicts â€Å"the Madonna and Child enthroned with saints and angels on the front of its two-sided panel (â€Å"Sienese Paintings†). Enriching each painting are Byzantine influences, the so-called International Gothic Style and the work of seven great Italian artists, four Sienese[1] painters and one sculptor: Duccio di Buoninsegna (active by 1278); Simone Martini (active by 1315), brothers Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti (active 1320-44 and 1319-47 respectively), and sculptor Giovanni Pisano (active 1284-1314); one Florentine painter Giotto di Bondone (1266/76-1337) heralded as the father of Western Art; and one Roman painter Pietro Cavallini (ca. 1240 – after ca. 1330) also credited with changing the course of Italian Painting[2] (â€Å"Sienese Painting† and â€Å"Panel Painting†). Evidence of the evolving Sienese style appears in Paolo di Giovanni Fei’s and Giovanni di Paolo’s work when you consider that both reflect Simone’s tendency towards â€Å"richly tooled surfaces with elegant naturalism[3]† and the Lorenzetti brothers â€Å"native feeling for rich color harmonies and precocious interest in genre-like details† (â€Å"Sienese Painting†). To that end Paolo di Giovanni Fei ‘s work, on the same subject matter, the Madonna and Child, is a creation of deliberation as the process of creating a panel was involved. Fei’s style is â€Å"characterized by a fanciful use of color and emphasis of detail rather than rational spatial illusionism† (â€Å"Paolo di Giovanni Fei†). The wonderfully varied palette of â€Å"Madonna Nursing Her Child† , a work dating from the late Medieval Italian period, ranges from the gold ground to the deeply indigo-hued robe of the Madonna with its turquoise and agate lining and gold detailing to the pale coral of her Child’s swaddling with its chalcedony lining. The engaged frame reflects his fondness for detail, containing several medallion-like decorations, while halos, worked into the ground, surround the heads of the Madonna and Child. Present as well is Fei’s disregard for the third dimension giving the panel a negative aspect with regard to landscape which manifests as a sense of flatness behind the stylized rather than completely naturalistic figures. The nursing child appears to drink from an object more related in appearance to a chalice than the Madonna’s breast. Clearly, the Madonna and Child are the focal point of the painting as there is no apparent source of light in the painting. Rather it is infused with light, this being the overall effect of the gold ground; the oil gilding used to attach it; and the tempera, which not only gives a hard shiny glaze, but allows for the obvious hatching and crosshatching apparent in the brushstrokes. The brushstrokes bequeath a sense of layering and depth for richly luminescent color. And for all the visually apparent texture of the painting, the relief conveyed by the scrollwork and medallions, Fei still captures and coveys both the lustrous, smoothness of gold and its softness of flexibility. Some of the above characteristics are also true of Giovanni di Paolo’s â€Å"Madonna and Child with Two Angels and a Donor†, a later work from the following Italian Renaissance period. Barring the addition of the extra figures its subject matter also draws from Duccio’s â€Å"Maestà ¡Ã¢â‚¬ , depicting the naturalistic figures of Madonna and nursing child before a backdrop noticeably more aware of the third dimension than Fei’s. As to the medium and support, Giovanni applied tempera to wood, creating a panel like Fei’s but considerably larger at, nearly five feet by three feet with a shaped top. The frame is reminiscent of early Gothic cathedrals while the luminous colors and richness of detail bring to mind a stained glass window, little touches adhering to the style called International Gothic. According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, â€Å"the flesh areas of the Virgin and Child; the angels and donor, and the floor and pillow are remarkably well-preserved, but the haloes of the Virgin and Child are modern, as is the checkered cloth of honor. The red of the Virgin’s dress has been repainted and the gilt floral ornament of her cloak; which is heavily abraded is also of recent date† (Caption for â€Å"Madonna and Child with Two Angels and a Donor†). For all their modernity the additions are in keeping with Giovanni’s palette choices as the red checked cloth echoes the Virgin’s red robe, while the addition of gilt ornamentation on her robe adds the luminosity, found in the gold ground. Giovanni covers a considerable range of hues in his palette, from the gold background to the ultramarine and viridian hued cloak with gold detailing and the crimson dress of the Virgin to the soft rose and gold trellis of the Childs swaddling blanket to the primrose, blue, and brown of the Angels tunics to the deep muddy brown of the Donor’s robes and finally the ochre, red, rose blue and brown of the pillow and floor. As with Fei’s earlier work, Giovanni’s later work after the panel tradition infuses light throughout the work as opposed to depicting a singular source to illuminate the focal point of Madonna and Child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a comparison of Fei’s â€Å"Madonna Nursing Her Child† and Giovanni’s â€Å"Madonna and Child with Two Angels and a Donor† each, while after the Sienese panel tradition, are clearly representative of their art periods. Fei’s work, with its two dimensional use of space is closer to the Byzantine style informing late Medieval Italian paintings and the rather stylized representation of the human form in addition to the choice of tempera for medium and wood for support. Paradoxically, Giovanni uses the same medium and support, tempera and wood, despite the availability of oil paints, which came into use during the Italian Renaissance, Giovanni may have tried to reproduce the panel technique used by Fei, albeit unsuccessfully. For Fei’s work seems better preserved than Giovanni’s despite being older. In overall effect, Fei’s work seems closer to the pagan roots of Christianity, lacking an awareness of the Neo-Platonic traditions, such as the Chain of Being which seems to inform Giovanni’s work. In the latter work is an awareness of humanity, represented by the donor and therefore the purpose of the Angels and the Madonna and Child, the salvation of humanity. In Fei’s work the figures are somehow abstract and more like extreme apostrophes of salvation. In summation, the works of Paolo di Giovanni Fei and Giovanni di Paolo reflect the influences of their Sienese forbears (â€Å"Sienese Painting†). Both â€Å"Madonna Nursing Her Child† by Paolo di Giovanni and â€Å"Madonna and Child with Two Angels and a Donor† by Giovanni di Paolo reflect the stylistic and technical qualities of their times the late Medieval Italian and Italian Renaissance periods, respectively. However, peculiar to both and in a sense unifying them under the Sienese style[4] are the artists’ choice of medium and support: tempura on wood with gold ground and subject matter the Madonna and Child and a notable Pisanesque tendency to incorporate relief, areas of sculpting into the painting (â€Å"Sienese Painting†). Works Cited Department of European Paintings. â€Å"Italian Painting of the Later Middle Ages†. In Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000-. http://www.metmuseum .org/ toah/hd/pane/hd_pane.htm (October 2001) Department of European Paintings. â€Å"Italian Painting of the Later Middle Ages: Panel Painting†. In Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000-. http://www.metmuesum.org/toah/hd/iptg/hd_iptg.htm (October 2001) Department of European Paintings. â€Å"Sienese Painting†. In Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000-. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sien/hd_sien.htm (October 2004) Larmann, Ralph. â€Å"Oil Painting†. Art Studio Chalkboard. University of Evansville Art Department. http://studiochalkboard.evansville.edu/ (November 2007). Delahunt, Michael. Editor â€Å"Light, Oil Gilding, Oil Paint, Ground, Gesso, Medallion, Space†. In Artlex: Art Dictionary. http://www.artlex.com (1996-2007) Anonymous. â€Å"Paolo di Giovanni Fei†. Union List of Artist Names Online: Full Record Display.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The J. Paul Getty Trust 2004. http://getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?findrole= nation=subjectid=500013966 Anonymous. â€Å"Giovanni di Paolo†. Union List of Artist Names Online: Full Record Display.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The J. Paul Getty Trust 2004. http://getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?findrole= nation=subjectid=500116438 Paolo di Giovanni Fei: Madonna and Child (41.190.13). In Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/iptg/hod_41.190.13.htm (October 2006) â€Å"Madonna and Child with Angels†. Scholar’s Resource. http://www.scholarsresource.com/browse/work/2144570308 [1] Siena with Florence was the chief economic, political and cultural center of Tuscany in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance (â€Å"Sienese Painting†). [2] â€Å"Maestà ¡Ã¢â‚¬  which depicts â€Å"the Madonna and Child enthroned with saints and angels on the front of its two-sided panel (â€Å"Sienese Paintings†). Duccio’ work belongs to the later medieval period which was influenced by Byzantine influences which grew in thirteenth century Italy with the fall of the Byzantine Empire at the hands of Christian armies. The work of masters such as Florentine Giotto di Bondone and Roman Pietro Cavallini not only led to the expression of more humanistic and less stylized depictions of emotions and figures but helped create a new approach to pictorial space so that the flat world of the thirteenth century became more analogous to the real world. This led to the ever evolving style of the Sienese panel painters who were fond of creating altar pieces for churches with the Madonna and Child shown on the main panel. [3] Simone’s style formed the basis for the so-called International Gothic style (â€Å"Sienese Painting†). [4] The Byzantine influences, the so-called International Gothic Style and the work of seven great Italian artists, four Sienese[4] painters and one sculptor: Duccio di Buoninsegna (active by 1278); Simone Martini (active by 1315), brothers Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti (active 1320-44 and 1319-47 respectively), and sculptor Giovanni Pisano (active 1284-1314); one Florentine painter Giotto di Bondone (1266/76-1337) heralded as the father of Western Art; and one Roman painter Pietro Cavallini (ca.1240 – after ca. 1330) also credited with changing the course of Italian Painting[4] (â€Å"Sienese Painting† and â€Å"Panel Painting†).

Garment Workers of Bangladesh

Garment Workers of Bangladesh Mackenzie Dickson The Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights is a non-profits human rights organization that recognizes and defends the basic human rights of labor workers globally. Originally as the National Labor Committee, the organization was founded in 1981 and has locations in numerous locations in the United States as well as South Asia. The main organizations mission is to end the exploitation of factory workers than produce goods exported to the United States. There are several campaigns under the Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights, one of which is the Bangladeshi Garment Worker campaign. This campaign aims to raise awareness of the garment workers struggles. According to the organizations website, Bangladesh is the third largest exporter of garments in the world to the U.S Bangladeshs garment workers are among the hardest working women and men in the world, but also the most exploited and earn the lowest pay in the world (Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights). Bangladesh is a country east of India known for its poverty and having the highest population density in the world. The countrys population density is about 1,101 persons per square kilometer (Stotz). According to the World Bank, 31.5% of Bangladeshs overall population is living below the poverty line in 2010; that is roughly 47,759,285 people living in poverty (World Bank Group). Based on the previous patterns, this number has likely increased considering the most recent poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines is about seven years old. In 2015 the World Bank reported Bangladeshs Gross National Income (GNI) as roughly $1,190; United States GNI is about 47 times that.   (World Bank Group). Bangladeshs garment industry was worth about 20 billion U.S. dollars in 2013, making it the second largest clothing supplier of the world market, following China (Stotz). Bangladeshs economy is based on the success of the garment industry. The business garment factorys have with U.S . corporations like Wal-Mart, Disney, Gap, and Old Navy are crucial to the countrys economic growth and free trade. These large wealthy corporations do not want to pay, hence why the corporations employ factories in poverty stricken countries like Bangladesh. The four-part short series Hidden Face of Globalization created by The Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights interviews the women of Bangladeshi garment factories and asks the question: Why are the basic human rights of the women who made the product and maintain the global economy not protected? The series focuses on the young women between the ages 16 to 25 who make up 80% of the 1.8 million garment factory workers in Bangladesh (Hidden Face of Globalization). The young women work from eight in the morning until ten or eleven at night, seven days a week. Overtime is mandatory and the workers are often forced to work up to twenty hours when there is a rush to produce an order. The women are not allowed to speak while working, are allowed only two trips to the bathroom, and are fired around the age of 30. If the workers question their inhumane treatment, unsafe factory conditions, or unionizing the women are at risk of verbal assault, physical abuse, imprisonment, and/or losing their job (Hidden Face of Globalization).Garment workers bargain; they train themselves to be faster than the rest and often times report on others thinking about unionizing to achieve a higher pay (39, Ahmed). However, questioning wages and worker benefits has proven ineffective because the commission was made up of state representatives who were supposed to advocate for worker interests. The spatial segregation of the sexes in the factory is an outward expression of gendered wage segregation with the few men at the top having jobs with more control and higher wages (Ahmed, 40). After recognizing they have fallen subject to gender hierarchy, the women drop their concerns and attempts to unionize in fear of being sexually assaulted or harassed and give up searching for a voice on the factory floor (Ahmed, 40). The job takes a toll on the womens home life. Because of their grueling days at work, they do not have time for themselves or their families; the children are often left alone for long hours at a time and the women dont have time to maintain healthy relationships with family members (Hidden Face of Globalization). The extreme poverty the workers return home too is discussed in the series. The women make as little as 11 to 17 cents an hour, well below the minimum wage; as a result, they and their families are forced to live and share will others who live below the poverty line. Privacy is non-existent. The small rooms are full of sometimes as many as ten people and are built from scraps. The whole community shares a small gas stove, water pump, and a single out-house (Hidden Face of Globalization). The 70s brought an increase of women into the work force, specifically export-based industries such as the garment industry and other labor-intensive industries that rely on low-cost produc tion to maintain competitiveness (Beneria, 114). Corporations like Disney and Wall-mart are dependant of womens labor to sustain their part in the world market. Labor-intensive industries are reliant of countries like Bangladesh that are sustained by patriarchal gender norms and are reproduced in the workplace by the concerted efforts of employers and government policy (Beneria, 114). The factory workers that supplied Disney garments appealed to Disney asking for a pay raise. The women said if they were paid 35 cents rather than the 11-17 cents their quality of life would increase significantly, letting them live in poverty instead of below the poverty line (Hidden Face of Globalization). The women asked Disney to respect their basic human rights; the women wanted safe working conditions, basic pay raise, days off, and regulated hours. As a result the women lost their jobs. Some women chose to write to Disney corporations asking for their jobs back, explaining how multinational corporations like Disney are able to afford the costs of giving their employees basic human rights. Works Cited BeneriÃÅ' a, Lourdes, GuÃÅ'ˆnseli Berik, and Maria Floro. Gender, development, and globalization:  economics as if all people mattered. New York: Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 2016. Print. Fauzia Erfan Ahmed. The Rise of the Bangladesh Garment Industry: Globalization, Women  Workers, and Voice. NWSA Journal, vol. 16, no. 2, 2004, pp. 34-45. www.jstor.org/stable/4317051. Hidden Face of Globalization. Dir. Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights. Institute for  Global Labour and Human Rights, 3 Apr. 2007. Web. Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights. About. Www.globallabourrights.org. Institute  for Global Labour and Human Rights, n.d. Web. Stotz, Lina, and Clean Clothes Campaign. Facts on Bangladeshs Garment  Industry. Bangladesh Factsheet. Clean Clothes Campaign, n.d. Web. World Bank Group. Bangladesh. Bangladesh Data. World Bank Group, 2016. Web.

Women in the Workforce Essay -- Economic Globalization Careers Essays

Women in the Workforce The integration of the world economy, or economic globalization, has been an operating force for centuries. However, in recent times the effects of this phenomenon have become a major cause for debate. Economic globalization is characterized and supported by free trade, the transcending of ideas and business infrastructures across national boundaries, increased capital flows, advanced communication systems, and an increased interdependence of national economies. It is a result of increased access to information, technology, knowledge and opportunities. The debate surrounding globalization however centers on how this increased access manifests itself in different countries, particularly underdeveloped and developing nations. Proponents of globalization argue that it creates expanded channels for employment, promotes broader and more substantial economic growth, allows for higher incomes, and improves quality of life. Critics say, among other things, that while this may be true for som e people, globalization is also functioning to marginalize underdeveloped countries and minority groups around the world. In the context of these two perspectives, I will examine a very important minority group who have, particularly over the past twenty years, become an increasingly important part of the labor force, women. In order to do this, I will first present some statistical data regarding women’s participation in the labor force. This data will show that women indeed have been affected significantly by globalization. In addition I will present a more qualitative look at how globalization has affected the lives of women by concentrating on several specific examples of women’s experiences in different countries. This is a statistical overview of women in the workforce. Female participation in the workforce ranges widely from 60% in some industrialized countries to about 10% in North Africa and Western Asia, averaging at about 43% as of 2000. This means that an average of 43% of women in the world work. This level of female participation is significantly higher than it was 20 years ago (Table 1), and is expected to reach an average of 48% by the year 2010. Table 1. Percentage of women that work Year Percent of women who work 1980 34 1985 36.5 1990 37.2 1995 39.5 2000 43.2 In the overall workforce, made up of approximate... ...tes and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010. 5. Horton, Susan. Marginalization Revisited: Women’s Market Work and Pay, and Economic Development. 1999. 27 World Development: p571. Also see, Mehra, Rekha and Sarah Gammage. Trends, Countertrends, and Gaps in Women’s Employment Trends, Countertrends, and Gaps in Women’s Employment. 1999. World Development, 27: p533. 6. Aman, Alfred C. Introduction: Feminism and Globalization: The Impact of the Global Economy on Women and Feminist Theory, 1999. 4 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud. 1, 4. 7. Martha Chen et al. Counting the Invisible Workforce: The Case of Homebased Workers. 1999.World Development, 27: p603. 8. The World Bank Group. Data and Statistics – World Development Indicators. 2002. (See http://devdata.worldbank.org - Women in Development – About the Data). 9. Ministry of Labor. Data available at MOL's Website (See: http://www.mol.go.jp). 10. Rape for Profit: Trafficking of Nepali Girls and Women to India's Brothels. Human Rights Watch. October 2000, Vol. 12, No. 5 (A). 11. Over 60 million women fallen victim to sex discrimination. Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay, Ltd.) July 24, 1997.

Sodium (Na) :: Science Chemistry

Sodium (Na) Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and a mass of about 23g. It is a silvery white-metallic element classified under the alkali metals. Sodium has been known since early times and was used by the people of Mesopotamia and Egypt to make glasses. Sodium is the sixth most common element found on the earth. It is usually not found in nature but more often in compounds such as salt (NaCl). Sodium conducts heat and electricity easily. Without this element life could not exist. Each compound is used for a certain reason. About 2.8 percent of the earth's crust contains this element making it the sixth most common in the earth's crust. Sodium is found in compounds among dry lake beds, underground, and as well as in seawater in such places as: Belarus, China, France, Germany, India, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and the United States. Sodium is an extremely chemically active element. If combined with water it tends to react vigorously. For example . Since, sodium is such a dangerous element it has to be handled with care and stored airtight meaning without oxygen. Sodium was first extracted into pure form in 1807 by an English chemist known as Sir Humphry Davy. He used the process of electrolysis where an electrical current is passed through a molten sodium compound such as sodium chloride, sodium was first extracted into its pure form. Many manufacturers today still use electricity to obtain sodium. Sodium is still highly manufactured for many industrial and commercial uses. Sodium has commercial us es as well as industrial uses. From soaps to fertilizers, sodium is used to make water softeners, textiles, and is used as well as to relieve stomach acid, sodium bicarbonate: a white crystalline weakly alkaline salt NaHCO 3 used especially in baking 1 powders, fire extinguishers, and medicine. (Definition from Structure and Matter, Glossary) Photographers use sodium thiosulphate: a hygroscopic crystalline salt Na 2 S 2 O 3 used especially as a fixing agent (Definition from Structure and Matter, Glossary)and a reducing or bleaching agent to fix photographic images on paper. Sodium in its pure form also has industrial uses such as in catalyst which help in making synthetic rubber. Sodium is combined with other metals to produce titanium zirconium and many other chemicals. It is used in the manufacture of tetraethyl lead and some power plants even use it in liquid form to cool nuclear reactors.

Essay --

Should Marijuana be legalized ? In all honesty, should it be? Ask yourself again. How is alcohol legal. Marijuana is much safer and has medicinal use capability . According to Cbsnews.com, in a recent poll in the New England Journal of Medicine, 76% of doctors approve Marijuana for medical use. 1446 doctors asked in 72 total countries. Why is marijuana so widely supported? Because it’s medical capabilities are legit. (I’ll address medical capabilities below) Alcohol totally impairs you and and causes your frontal lobes to malfunction. Its stupid, alcohol, which is actually dangerous is legal and people are still killing themselves under the influence, but Marijuana is good for you yet illegal? It seems as if the government is trying to kill us with such a thing being legal (I don’t drink or smoke so this isn’t biased) . Besides, who really cares? --> If â€Å"potheads† want to smoke, why not just let them smoke? Prisons are for criminals and not for people who smoke a plant that makes them happy. A significant aspect of this controversy is that freedom is being seized. In 2007, arrests for Marijuana alone totalled up to 775,138, dramatically surpassing arrests for all violent crime combined. That’s just ridiculous. People should not be getting incarcerated for smoking a plant that is beneficial to health. Most people just smoke it to reduce stress. Weed smokers are not criminals; rapists, killers, and thieves are criminals. Seriously people, prisons are being flooded. Sticking someone in prison isn’t something that’s cheap. According to Ministry of Justice, the cost of keeping someone in prison is roughly $25,000 a year. These people can’t get jobs, in many states, possession of Marijuana can be ruled a misdemeanor or a felony. A ... ...mount of our population suffers from at least one of these conditions. Moreover, non-cannabis supporters’ strongest argument is the abuse of the plant. The opposition’s argument states that Marijuana is addictive, but recent studies by a professor at the University of Cambridge in England named Leslie L. Iverson, who also wrote a book called â€Å"The Science Of Marijuana†, show that only 9% of Marijuana users develop serious dependency of the plant. Those are overwhelming statistics for anyone trying to keep the plant illegal. In conclusion, Marijuana should definitely be decriminalized. It benefits human health, it will boost the economy if taxed, it will massively reduce the profit of international crime gangs, it will bring down the ever so high crime rate, and will result in prisons not being packed with people who don’t belong there. Support Marijuana legalization!

Preschool Observation Essay

My observation was October 18, 2011. It was about 8:00 in the morning when I began my observation. I went to Baptist Health Preschool. The observation enjoyable than the last. Just to see how active the children are at this age. The children had great imaginations when they were playing. The preschooler that I observed was three years old, had blonde hair, blue eyes she had on a red shirt, black pants, pink shoes and was female. She had no limitations or physical and made her a ghost for Halloween in the art area. When the caregiver asked about the colors she knew all the colors that the caregiver asked her. The setting was a very warm and welcoming environment. This classroom environment prepared the children for kindergarten with charts of numbers, days of the week, colors and shapes the children’s names were placed in an individual section of on the cubby shelf for their blankets. The room had a variety of bright colors which display a parent information board, daily schedule, labeled learning centers. They had the learning center in the right middle by the wall. The music area on the left on by the wall in the corner. The science area was in the middle of the room. The art area was in the right corner by the wall and supplies and also the walls had many pictures of the children creative art work. The play area was in the other left corner by the wall this area includes a play stove and refrigerator with plastic food. On the wall were different pieces of clothing that represented various professions and cultures. The supplies and also the walls had many pictures of the children creative art work. The floor was half different color carpet and half wooden.

Juvenile Justice Chapters 1-4 Study Guide Essay

1 Juvenile violence is generally unrelated to gang formation and presence. False 2 The actual amount of juvenile violence in the United States is unknown. True 3 Property-offender juveniles account for about 10% of all juvenile arrests annually. False 4 A policy of delaying juvenile punishments works best for juvenile rehabilitation. False 5 Juvenile courts are the same as criminal courts. False 6 Juvenile courts have prosecutors and other court personnel. True 7 The juvenile justice system does not resemble the criminal justice system. False 8 Usually the same criteria are used to define juvenile offenders in different state jurisdictions. False 9 Under parens patriae, the king as sovereign acts to protect children and other dependents. True 10 Juvenile justice has been substantially unaffected by alternative philosophies that differ from the rehabilitation emphasis. False 11 Juvenile courts are unknown in most other industrialized countries throughout the world. False 12 Over two million youths come into contact with the criminal justice system annually. True 13 Once offenders are placed in corrections, they are no longer in the criminal justice system. False 14 Jurisdiction is the power of a court to hear a case. True 15 There are about 1,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States. False 16 Almost all ordinances aimed at juveniles are status ordinances since they are not applicable for adults. True 17 Sheriff’s deputies and city police officers are the law enforcement officers who have the most amount of contact with juveniles. True 18 Juveniles who loiter late at night cannot be taken into custody by police officers for any reason since loitering is not prohibited per se. False 19 The stage where information is obtained about juvenile suspects, including their names, addresses, and ages, is called arraignment. False 20 Juveniles are not entitled to bail. False 21 ROR means released on own recognizance. True 22 Preconviction agreements between defendants and the state are known as indictments. False 23 Proceedings for establishing a trial date where a formal plea to charges is entered are alled arraignments. True 24 Exculpatory evidence is evidence that tends to show the greater guilt of a defendant. False 25 Inculpatory evidence is favorable for defendants charged with crimes. True 26 Preliminary hearings or examinations are usually conducted for the purpose of determining probable cause. True 27 The standard of proof in juvenile proceedings is preponderance of the evidence. False 28 Beyond a reasonable doubt is only aplicable to criminal proceedings. False 29 Juveniles are not entitled in any jurisdiction to a trial by jury. False 30 Aggravating circumstances might include whether or not the youth cooperate with police to help them detect and apprehend other offenders. False 31 A mitigating circumstance might be the mental health of the defendant. True 32 Corrections is all agencies and personnel who deal with convicted offenders. True 33 Probation is part of corrections. True 34 Reducing the number of jails is the goal of the jail removal initiative. False 35 Referrals of juveniles to juvenile court can only be made by police officers. False 36 Parole is a conditional release from incarceration. True 37 Because of changes in the law, there are no longer any juveniles in adult jails. False 38 About half of all juvenile cases that come before the juvenile court are handled informally. True 39 Petitions are documents directing police to arrest a particular juvenile. False 40 Police officers are prohibited by law from placing juveniles in jails, even for short periods. False 41 One reason juveniles are held in jails temporarily is that it is difficult to establish their true age on the basis of their appearance. True 42 Neighbors of youths are prohibited by law from filing complaints that might bring these youths to the attention of the juvenile court. False 43 Being arrested and taken into custody are the same thing. False 44 Intake officers can order the incarceration of any juvenile to a long-term juvenile facility if the officers believe that the juvenile is guilty of a felony. False 45 Juvenile court prosecutors have broad discretionary powers. True 46 An adjudicatory hearing is the juvenile equivalent of a criminal trial for an adult. True 47 Intake is usually presided over by the local juvenile court judge. False 48 Intake probation officers attempt to screen the more serious juvenile offenders from the less serious ones. True 49 Intake officers consider both legal and extralegal factors in intake decision making. True 50 A nominal punishment might be a verbal warning or reprimand. True 51 Secure confinement is most closely associated with probation. False 52 Doing what is best for the children is consistent with the parens patriae doctrine. True 53 Official documents that call for a youth’s subsequent appearance in juvenile court and allege carious offenses are called petitions. True 54 Juvenile court proceedings are becoming increasingly adversarial. True 55 It is often true that the greater the formality of a juvenile court proceeding, the harsher the punishment imposed by juvenile court judges. True 56 A decision about the guilt or innocence of a juvenile is called a disposition. False 57 In most jurisdictions juvenile court judges have nearly absolute discretion to determine how their particular court proceedings are conducted. True 58 Juveniles are convicted of offenses in juvenile court proceedings. False 59 An adjudication means that a juvenile will be incarcerated. False 60 All adjudications of juveniles mean that all juveniles who are adjudicated are delinquents. False 61 Over two million juveniles com into contact with the following system annually: Criminal justice 62 Regarding decisions and discretion about juvenile offenders, intake officers have: Considerable discretion 63 Which of the following are components of the criminal justice system? a) Law enforcement b) Courts c) Legislature d) All of the above 64 The word process is sometimes used to describe the criminal justice system. This is because the criminal justice system is : a) a sequence of people-processing stages. b) loosely coordinated. c) fragmented. d) all of the above. 65 The power of courts to hear particular kinds of cases is called: Jurisdiction 66 The largest component of the criminal justice system is: Law enforcement 67 A conditional disposition would be: Probation 68 The juvenile equivalent of an adult sentence is called a(n): Disposition 69 Juveniles may be: a) arrested. b) taken to shelters and group homes. c) taken into custody. d) all of the above. 70 When juveniles are apprehended by police for suspicion and not necessarily for any particular crime, they are: Taken into custody. 71 Obtaining one’s name, address, fingerprints, photograph, and other vital information is a part of what process? Booking 72 Detentions and secure confinement almost always follow: a) a finding of guilt b) intake c) adjudications d) none of the above 73 ROR means: Released on own recognizance 74 Preconviction agreements involving guilty pleas ans favorable sentencing are: Plea bargains 75 Defendants who are most likely to be released on ROR are those: Who are employed, white, middle-class females 76 Sureties that are posted to guarantee one’s subsequent appearance in court are called: Bailbonds 77 Evidence that is favorable to the prosecution against a violent defendant is called: Inculpatory 78 Evidence that is favorable to the defense in a criminal case is called; Exculpatory 79 Circumstances that might make the punishment imposed by a sentencing judge more severe would be: Aggravating 80 Determining that a crime was committed and that a particular person or persons probably committed the crime is: Probable cause 81 Preliminary hearings are held primarily for the purpose of establishing: Probable cause 82 The standard of proof in criminal proceedings is: Beyond a reasonable doubt 83 Juries that determine one’s guilt or innocence are called: Grand juries 84 Circumstances that tend to lessen punishments imposed by judges during sentencing are: Mitigating 85 The assemblage of agencies and persons who supervise offenders after court proceedings might likely be called: Corrections 86 A conditional nonincarcerative alternative for a first offender convicted of a crime is: Probation 87 A mitigating circumstance might be: a) one’s youthfulness. b) cooperating with police officers to detect other criminals c) mental illness d) all of the above 88 An aggravating circumstance might be: Being a gang leader 89 The jail removal initiative is aimed at: Reducing or eliminating juvenile confinement in jails 90 Being taken into custody and being arrested are: Different in meaning 91 Official documents filed with juvenile court that allege that a certain juvenile is delinquent are called: Petitions 92 A finding by a grand jury that a crime has been committed and that a particular person may have committed the crime is called: True bill 93 A judgement in juvenile court is called: Adjudication 94 When a stern reprimand is given as a sentence in a juvenile court proceeding, the juvenile has been: Adjudicated 95 A conditional diposition might be: a) participation in group therapy b) payment of victim compensation c) community service d) all of the above 96 Criminal informations are typically filed by: Prosecutors 97 An industrial school placement of a juvenile is commensurate with what type of placement for adult offenders? Prison 98 The standard of proof in juvenile courts, where juveniles are not in jeopardy of losing their liberty, is: Preponderance of evidence 99 Common law in the United States was derived from: England 100 Parens patriae means: â€Å"The father of the country† 101 A standard definition of delinquency: a) exists for all juridictions b) is consistant throughout all states and the federal system c) limits delinquents to all those under age 18 d) none of the above 102 Offenses committed by juveniles that would not be crimes if committed by adults are called: Status offenses 103 It can be said of all juveniles delinquents that they: Commit crimes 104 Deinstitutionalization generally means to: Remove juveniles from custodial institutions 105 In most jurisdictions, juveniles can be charged with crimes at age: a) 18 b) 20 c) 19 d) all of the above 106 Persons under the age of 7 were presumed capable of formulating criminal intent under common law. False 107 Common law emerged in the American colonies in the 1600s. False 108 A shire is the chief law enforcement officer of an English country. False 109 Reeves are English countries. False 110 Chancellors were officials in England who administered the affairs fo the King in different remote areas. True 111 Transportation was a method used by England to rid itself of criminals. True 112 The Birdwell Workhouse was the first juvenile reformatory. False 113 Poor laws were used to incarcerate debtors for indefinite periods. True 114 The poor laws targeted the socioeconomically disadvantaged. True 115 One example of the voluntary slavery pattern is the indentured servant. True 116 The Hospital of St. Michael was the first hospital to treat juvenile diseases. False 117 The Walnut Street Jail was known for its terrible living conditions for inmates. False 118 Solitary confinement is a recent concept created during the early 1940s in U.S. prisons. False 119 Child-savers were drawn largely from the lower socioeconomic classes. False 120 Hard-core delinquents were targeted for treatment in houses of refuge. True 121 The power of the state over the family in child custody cases was illustrated in the case of Ex parte Crouse. True 122 The case of O’Connell v. Turner had to do with child abuse and neglect. False 123 The founder of Hull House was Jane Addams. True 124 Truants are persons who have run away from home and are considered untreatable. False 125 An example of voluntary servitude was the indentured servant. True 126 The first juvenile court was established in Illinois in !899. True 127 By the end of the Korean War, only ;half of all states had juvenile courts. False 128 The Compulsory School Act created children’s tribunals. False 129 Prior to juvenile courts, juvenile affairs were administered largely by social service agencies. True 130 Juvenile courts in most jurisdictions operate the same way. False 131 One of the most influential philanthropic organizations of the eighteenth century upon correctional practices was the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries fo Public Persons. True 132 Small communities were known for their Gesellschaft atmosphere. False 133 Juveniles viewed as chattel meant that they were counted like so much farm property and livestock. True 134 Sweat shops exploited juvenile labor during the late 1800s and early 1900s. True 135 Throughout much of the 20th century, juveniles had little or no legal standing in U.S. courts. True 136 Efficient juvenile offender proceedings is sometimes called actuarial justice. True 137 Jurisdiction usually refers to the power of a court to hear particular kinds of cases. True 138 For a majority of the states, the upper age limit for juvenile courts is 21. False 139 Status offenders would include all juveniles who commit acts that would be crimes if adults committed them. False 140 The power of juvenile court judges is such that juvenile delinquency may be whatever they say it is. True 141 The parens patriae doctrine has had little influence on juveniles and juvenile courts. False 142 The get-tough movement is a response to perceived escalating juvenile violence by interested citizens. True 143 In most juvenile courts, juveniles are convicted of various offenses following an adjudicatory hearing. False 144 Almost every juvenile court is a court of record. False 145 Juvenile court jurisdiction is the same among different local and state legislative definitions of juvenile offenders. False 146 All jurisdictions have the same lower age limits for juveniles. False 147 The most common age of accountability in the U.S. is 21. False 148 Delinquency is an act committed by a juvenile which would be a status offense if committed by an adult. False 149 Compared with runaways, curfew violators tend to be more serious offenders. True 150 Virtually all runaways are pretty much the same in terms of their social and personal characteristics. False 151 Stigmas usually result in juveniles defining themselves as deviant or delinquent. True 152 Truants and liquor law violators are more inclined to be chronic offenders compared with runaways. True 153 Stigmatization is closely associated with labeling theory. True 154 Staus offenders may become criminals if they violate court orders. True 155 Studies of runaway behavior show that most runaways are well adjusted youths who want to make it on their own. False 156 Decarceration means to separate juvenile delinquents from status offenders by placing them in different cells in juvenile prisons. False 157 Diversion programs are especially helpful in the cases of dependent and neglected children. True 158 Under divestiture status offenders are removed from secure institutions. False 159 One unfavorable implication of DSO is net-widening. True 160 Recidivism is associated with the chronicity of offending. True 161 Self-reports suggest that there is considerable career escalation from status offending to criminal offending. False 162 An important factor associated with recidivism is frequent contact with juvenile courts. True 163 Contact with juvenile courts is believed by many experts to stigmatize youths with self-definitions of delinquency. True 164 Relabeling occurs when police officers relabel innocent juvenile behaviors and interpret them as delinquent behaviors. True 165 The Uniform Crime Report typically underestimates the amount of juveniles offending. True 166 DSO has caused drastic increases in the rate of recidivism among juvenile offenders. False 167 An incident consists of multiple acts involving a single victim. False 168 A victimization is a single criminal act that affects a single victim. True 169 The National Crime Victimization Survey is a compilation of reported by all law enforcement agencies. False 170 Cleared by arrest means that someone has been arrested for a particular crime. True 171 One weakness of the UCR is that not all law enforcement agencies report crimes in the same way. True 172 Self-report information is believed to by some juvenile justice experts to be a more accurate indication of how much delinquency exists. True 173 The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics publishes no information about juvenile offenses. False 174 Self-reports are reports filed by principals detailing the amount of crime committed by students on their campuses. True 175 One problem with self-report information is that juveniles may exaggerate the amount of crime they commit. True 176 The National Youth Survey has been discounted frequently by professionals as an unreliable data source regarding juvenile offending behaviors. False 177 Self-reports of delinquency often disclose what has been termed hidden delinquency. True 178 A study of youths who reported that they smoked cigarettes frequently showed that many of these youths had not actually smoked cigarettes and had lied about this behavior. True 179 School violence has pretty much een eliminated as the result of more sophisticated surveillance systems in schools and closer student monitoring by police. False 180 Most school violence is fatal. False 181 There is a clear pattern of career escalation among status offenders who typically graduate to juvenile delinquency. False 182 Chronic violent offenders are usually those juveniles who are arrested at least four or more times for violent offenses. True 183 The formation of gangs is a phenomenon almost exclusively confined to the large cities of Los Angeles, New York, Boston, ans Chicago. False 184 At-risk youth tend to have personality problems and exhibit poor social adjustment. True 185 Gangs usually form along racial or ethnic lines. True 186 Juveniles who commit homicide are relatively rare. True 187 About 50% of all youth deaths have been attributable to firearms. True 188 Pathways are developmental sequences over the course of one’s adolescence. True 189 There are few, if any, differences between female and male delinquent offending patterns. False 190 Growing numbers of female juvenile are entering the juvenile justice system annually. True 191 The most common reason for females joining female gangs is for protection. True 192 Female rather than male delinquents are more likely to receive paternalistic treatment from juvenile court judges. True 193 A significant feature of early juvenile courts was their emphasis on: Confidentiality 194 Common law was established during: Medieval England 195 Juvenile courts are courts of: Limited Jurisdiction 196 Referring to the juvenile justice system as a â€Å"system† is problematic for some juvenile justice professionals primarily because: The juvenile justice system components are only loosely coordinated 197 Below what age under English common law are children not held accountable for their actions? 7 198 A sheriff in early England was called a: Reeve 199 Indentured servants often entered servitude voluntarily for the purpose of: Gaining passage to the new colonies 200 The Poor Laws were most closely associated with: Debtor’s Prisons 201 Responsible for many of the jail and prison reforms in early England were the: Quakers 202 The Walnut Street Jail was innovative in that it: a) segregated male from female inmates b) segregated more serious offenders for less serious ones c) created solitary confinement d) all of the above 203 The Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons was sponsored by the: Quakers 204 The Hospital of Saint Michael was a famous: Correctional facility in Italy to punish unruly youths 205 The Hospital of Saint Michael was known for its use of: Corporal Punishment 206 The child-saving movement sought to: Provide shelter to wayward youths 207 Houses of refuge targeted: Status Offenders 208 Ex parte Crouse dealt with: Family rights relating to the control of their children 209 Truancy statutes were aimed at: Youths who avoided attending school 210 The Uniform Crime Reports publishes information about: a)juvenile delinquency b)reported crime c)felonies and misdemeanors d) all of the above 211 According to the Uniform Crime Reports, juvenile offense patterns are: Different among most states 212 Self-reports of delinquency differ from reported delinquency in the Uniform Crime Reports in that self-reports disclose: Higher delinquency than reported 213 The federal juvenile court is called: The federal government has no juvenile court 214 Truancy is: A status offense 215 In our current system of juvenile justice, a six-year-old murderer is likely to be: Treated 216 A status offense for an adult offender would likely be: Vagrancy 217 What best typifies runaway behavior? It is difficult to explain. 218 The â€Å"unsettling age† of runaway behavior is: The first few days away from home 219 More inclined to become chronic offenders are: Truants 220 Stigmas among certain juveniles result in: Unfavorable labeling by others 221 Stigmatizing youths is believed to be one consequence of: Frequent contact with juvenile courts 222 Deinstitutionalizing status offenders means: Removal of status offenders from institutions 223 Labeling theory has done much to account for:q Diversion 224 One of the most sweeping reforms in juvenile justice in recent years is: DSO 225 Undre full divestiture juvenile court judges can do what to status offenders? a) place them on probation b) confine them to institutions c) adjudicate them d) none of the above 226 Whenever police officers redefine innocent juvenile behaviors as delinquent behaviors, this process is: Re-labeling 227 When certain youths are pulled into the juvenile justice system and community programs simply because those programs exist, this is known as: Net-widening 228 One major problem with the Uniform Crime Reports is that: Not all agencies report crime regularly 229 An index offense would be: a) arson b) murder c) robbery d) all of the above 230 A crime punishable by more than one year of incarceration would be a: Felony 231 The National Crime Victimization Survey is a reflection of the amount of: a) aggravated assaults committed by juveniles b) rapes committed by juveniles c) murders committed by juveniles d) none of the above 232 Crimes that are cleared by arrest usually lead to: a) long jail terms b) convictions c) short jail terms d) none of the above 233 Self-report information is: a) potentially unreliable b) constitutional c) voluntary d) all of the above 234 When a crime is committed and a single victim is involved, it is called: Victimization 235 The Uniform Crime Reports may reflect: a) arrest statistics b) police offender activity c) crime trends d) all of the above 236 The Uniform Crime Reports report: Arrests 237 Perhaps one of the most accurate statements we can make about the Uniform Crime Reports is that they: Seriously underestimate the true amount of crime nationally 238 The National Youth Survey is an example of the use of: Self-reports 239 Regarding the relation between the type of juvenile offending behavior and career escalation, the results of scientific research are: Inconsistant 240 Self-reports are likely inaccurate because: Juveniles tend to brag about cries they have not committed 241 Most school violence results in: Nonlethal injuries 242 At-risk youths tend to be: a) overachievers in school b) socially well-adjusted c) affluent d) none of the above 243 Gangs tend to form along: a) racial lines b) gender lines c) ethnic lines d) all of the above 244 Developmental sequences over the term of one’s adolescence are called: Pathways 245 Female juveniles tend to: a) commit less violent acts b) have prior histories of physical or sexual abuse c) be more passive in their offending d) all of the above 246 One myth about female juvenile offenders is that much of their offending involves: Violent offending 247 Theories have nothing to do with predicting social behaviors False 248 Theories may predict as well as explain. True 249 It is very likely that relationships exist between theories of delinquency and various types of juvenile delinquency intervention programs. True